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w England； and he was just such another man as your father；—a regular old Roman；—upright； energetic； noble…minded； with an iron will。 Your father settled down in New England； to rule over rocks and stones； and to force an existence out of Nature； and mine settled in Louisiana； to rule over men and women； and force existence out of them。 My mother；” said St。 Clare； getting up and walking to a picture at the end of the room； and gazing upward with a face fervent with veneration； “she was divine！ Don’t look at me so！—you know what I mean！ She probably was of mortal birth； but； as far as ever I could observe； there was no trace of any human weakness or error about her； and everybody that lives to remember her； whether bond or free； servant； acquaintance； relation； all say the same。 Why； cousin； that mother has been all that has stood between me and utter unbelief for years。 She was a direct embodiment and personification of the New Testament；—a living fact； to be acomounted for； and to be acomounted for in no other way than by its truth。 O； mother！ mother！” said St。 Clare； clasping his hands； in a sort of transport； and then suddenly checking himself； he came back； and seating himself on an ottoman； he went on：
“My brother and I were twins； and they say； you know； that twins ought to resemble each other； but we were in all points a contrast。 He had black； fiery eyes； coal…black hair； a strong； fine Roman profile； and a rich brown complexion。 I had blue eyes； golden hair； a Greek outline； and fair complexion。 He was active and observing； I dreamy and inactive。 He was generous to his friends and equals； but proud； dominant； overbearing； to inferiors； and utterly unmerciful to whatever set itself up against him。 Truthful we both were； he from pride and courage； I from a sort of abstract ideality。 We loved each other about as boys generally do；—off and on； and in general；—he was my father’s pet； and I my mother’s。
“There was a morbid sensitiveness and acuteness of feeling in me on all possible subjects； of which he and my father had no kind of understanding； and with which they could have no possible sympathy。 But mother did； and so； when I had quarreled with Alfred； and father looked sternly on me； I used to go off to mother’s room； and sit by her。 I remember just how she used to look； with her pale cheeks； her deep； soft； serious eyes； her white dress；—she always wore white； and I used to think of her whenever I read in Revelations about the saints that were arrayed in fine linen； clean and white。 She had a great deal of genius of one sort and another； particularly in music； and she used to sit at her organ； playing fine old majestic music of the Catholic church； and singing with a voice more like an angel than a mortal woman； and I would lay my head down on her lap； and cry； and dream； and feel；—oh； immeasurably！—things that I had no language to say！
“In those days； this matter of slavery had never been canvassed as it has now； nobody dreamed of any harm in it。
“My father was a born aristocrat。 I think； in some preexistent state； he must have been in the higher circles of spirits； and brought all his old court pride along with him； for it was ingrain； bred in the bone； though he was originally of poor and not in any way of noble family。 My brother was begotten in his image。
“Now； an aristocrat； you know； the world over； has no human sympathies； beyond a certain line in society。 In England the line is in one place； in Burmah in another； and in America in another； but the aristocrat of all these countries never goes over it。 What would be hardship and distress and injustice in his own class； is a cool matter of course in another one。 My father’s dividing line was that of color。 Among his equals； never was a man more just and generous； but he considered the negro； through all possible gradations of color； as an intermediate link between man and animals； and graded all his ideas of justice or generosity on this hypothesis。 I suppose； to be sure； if anybody had asked him； plump and fair； whether they had human immortal souls； he might have hemmed and hawed； and said yes。 But my father was not a man much troubled with spiritualism； religious sentiment he had none； beyond a veneration for God； as decidedly the head of the upper classes。
“Well； my father worked some five hundred negroes； he was an inflexible； driving； punctilious business man； everything was to move by system；—to be sustained with unfailing acomuracy and precision。 Now； if you take into acomount that all this was to be worked out by a set of lazy； twaddling； shiftless laborers； who had grown up； all their lives； in the absence of every possible motive to learn how to do anything but ‘shirk；’ as you Vermonters say； and you’ll see that there might naturally be； on his plantation； a great many things that looked horrible and distressing to a sensitive child； like me。
“Besides all； he had an overseer；—great； tall； slab…sided； two…fisted renegade son of Vermont—（begging your pardon）；—who had gone through a regular apprenticeship in hardness and brutality and taken his degree to be admitted to practice。 My mother never could endure him； nor I； but he obtained an entire ascendency over my father； and this man was the absolute despot of the estate。
“I was a little fellow then； but I had the same love that I have now for all kinds of human things；—a kind of passion for the study of humanity； come in what shape it would。 I was found in the cabins and among the field…hands a great deal； and； of course； was a great favorite； and all sorts of complaints and grievances were breathed in my ear； and I told them to mother； and we； between us； formed a sort of committee for a redress of grievances。 We hindered and repressed a great deal of cruelty； and congratulated ourselves on doing a vast deal of good； till； as often happens； my zeal overacted。 Stubbs complained to my father that he couldn’t manage the hands； and must resign his position。 Father was a fond； indulgent husband； but a man that never flinched from anything that he thought necessary； and so he put down his foot； like a rock； between us and the field…hands。 He told my mother； in language perfectly respectful and deferential； but quite explicit； that over the house…servants she should be entire mistress； but that with the field…hands he could allow no interference。 He revered and respected her above all living beings； but he would have said it all the same to the virgin Mary herself； if she had come in the way of his system。
“I used sometimes to hear my mother reasoning cases with him；—endeavoring to excite his sympathies。 He would listen to the most pathetic appeals with the most discouraging politeness and equanimity。 ‘It all resolves itself into this；’ he would say； ‘must I part with Stubbs； or keep him？ Stubbs is the soul of punctuality； honesty； and efficiency；—a thorough business hand； and as humane as the general run。 We can’t have perfection； and if I keep him； I must sustain his administration as a whole； even if there are； now and then； things that are exceptionable。 All government includes some necessary hardness。 General rules will bear hard on particular cases。’ This last maxim my father seemed to consider a settler in most alleged cases of cruelty。 After he had said that； he commonly drew up his feet on the sofa； like a man that has disposed of a business； and betook himself to a nap； or the newspaper； as the case might be。
“The fact is my father showed the exact sort of talent for a statesman。 He could have divided Poland as easily as an orange； or trod on Ireland as quietly and systematically as any man living。 At last my mother gave up； in despair。 It never will be known； till the last acomount； what noble and sensitive natures like hers have felt； cast； utterly helpless； into what seems to them an abyss of injustice and cruelty； and which seems so to nobody about them。 It has been an age of long sorrow of such natures； in such a hell…begotten sort of world as ours。 What remained for her； but to train her children in her own views and sentiments？ Well； after all you say about training； children will grow up substantially what they are by nature； and only that。 From the cradle； Alfred was an aristocrat； and as he grew up； instinctively； all his sympathies and all his reasonings were in that line； and all mother’s exhortations went to the winds。 As to me； they sunk deep into me。 She never contradicted； in form； anything my father said； or seemed directly to differ from him； but she impressed； burnt into my very soul； with all the force of her deep； earnest nature； an idea of the dignity and worth of the meanest human soul。 I have looked in her face with solemn awe； when she would point up to the stars in the evening； and say to me； ‘See there； Auguste！ the poorest； meanest soul on our place will be living； when all these stars are gone forever；—will live as long as God lives！’
“She had some fine old paintings； one； in particular； of Jesus healing a blind man。 They were very fine； and used to impress me strongly。 ‘See there； Auguste；’ she would say； ‘the blind man was a beggar； poor and loathsome； therefore； he would not heal him afar off！ He called him to him； and put his hands on him！ Remember this； my boy。’ If I had lived to grow up under her care； she might have stimulated me to I know not what of enthusiasm。 I might have been a saint； reformer； martyr；—but； alas！ alas！ I went from her when I was only thirteen； and I never saw her again！”
St。 Clare rested his head on his hands； and did not speak for some minutes。 After a while； he looked up； and went on：
“What poor； mean trash this whole business of human virtue is！ A mere matter； for the most part； of latitude and longitude； and geographical position； acting with natural temperament。 The greater part is nothing but an acomident！ Your father； for example； settles in Vermont； in a town where all are； in fact； free and equal； becomes a regular church member and deacon； and in due time joins an Abolition society； and thinks us all little better than heathens。 Yet he is； for all the world； in constitution and habit； a duplicate of my father。 I can see it leaking out in fifty different ways；—just the same strong； overbearing； dominant spirit。 You know very well how impossible it is to persuade some of the folks in your village that Squire Sinclair does not feel above them。 The fact is； though he has fallen on democratic times； and embraced a democratic theory； he is to the heart an aristocrat； as much as my father； who ruled over five or six hundred slaves。”
Miss Ophelia felt rather disposed to cavil at this picture； and was laying down her knitting to begin； but St。 Clare stopped her。
“Now； I know every word you are going to say。 I do not say they were alike； in fact。 One fell into a condition where everything acted against the natural tendency； and the other where everything acted for it； and so one turned out a pretty wilful； stout； overbearing old democrat； and the other a wilful； stout old despot。 If both had owned plantations in Louisiana； they would have been as like as two old bullets cast in the same mould。”
“What an undutiful boy you are！” said Miss Ophelia。
“I don’t mean them any disrespect；” said St。 Clare。 “You know reverence is not my forte。 But； to go back to my history：
“When father died； he left the whole property to us twin boys； to be divided as we should agree。 There does not breathe on God’s earth a nobler…souled； more generous fellow； than Alfred； in all that concerns his equals； and we got on admirably with this property question； without a single unbrotherly word or feeling。 We undertook to work the plantation together； and Alfred； whose outward life and capabilities had double the strength of mine； became an enthusiastic planter； and a wonderfully sucomessful one。
“But two years’ trial satisfied me that I could not be a partner in that matter。 To have a great gang of seven hundred； whom I could not know personally； or feel any individual interest in； bought and driven； housed； fed； worked like so many horned cattle； strained up to military precision；—the question of how little of life’s commonest enjoyments would keep them in working order being a constantly recurring problem；—the necessity of drivers and overseers；—the ever…necessary whip； first； last； and only argument；—the whole thing was insufferably disgusting and loathsome to me； and when I thought of my mothcr’s estimate of one poor human soul； it became even frightful！
“It’s all nonsense to talk to me about slaves enjoying all this！ To this day； I have no patience with the unutterable trash that some of your patronizing Northerners have made up； as in their zeal to apologize for our sins。 We all know better。 Tell me that any man living wants to work all his days； from day…dawn till dark； under the constant eye of a master； without the power of putting forth one irresponsible volition； on the same dreary； monotonous； unchanging toil； and all for two pairs of pantaloons and a pair of shoes a year； with enough food and shelter to keep him in working order！ Any man who thinks that human beings can； as a general thing； be made about as comfortable that way as any other； I wish he might try it。 I’d buy the dog； and work