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o use this room。只许资深的职员使用这个房间。Only five passengers survived the accident。事故中只有五位旅客生存了下来。翻译练习（用倒装结构）：1）我今天早上才听到这个不幸的消息。→Only this morning did I hear the sad news。2）他1949年以后才能上学。→Only after 1949 was he able to go to school。3）过了几个月，我才看到工作的结果。→Only after several months did I see the results of my work。4）经过长时间的争论他才同意我们的意见。→Only after a long argument did he agree with us。5）只有这样，你才能学好英语。→Only in this way can you learn English well。3．用于以表示处所、声音等意义的副词开头的句子。用表示运动的不及物动词（如go； e； rush； fly 等）作谓语时，为了表示生动，可将某些副词放在句首，谓语动词放在主语之前，形成倒装结构。例如：Away flew the birds。 鸟儿飞走了。Out went the children。 孩子们出去了。Down came the rain。 下起大雨来了。Bang went the firecracker。 爆竹砰的一声响了。The door burst open and in rushed a stranger。门突然开了，一个陌生人冲了进来。4．用倒装来避免头重脚轻，使句子显得平衡。这主要是因为主语过长或强调表语或状语。例如：At the center of the big room over there is a table that is made of wood which is imported from Brazil of South America。在那边那个大房子的中央有一张用从南美洲的巴西进口的木头做成的桌子。（正常语序：A table that is made of wood which is imported from Brazil of South America is at the center of the big room over there。 这句话主语和谓语间隔太长，不平衡。）Still wider will be the use of radar； which plays a very important role in our national defense。雷达在我们的国防事业中起着非常重要的作用，它的用处将会更广泛。（正常语序：The use of radar； which plays a very important role in our national defense； will be still wider。 主语和谓语间隔太长，不平衡。）Written in English on the blackboard were these words： “Merry Christmas！” 在黑板上用英语写着这么几个字：“圣诞快乐！”Present at the meeting were the school headmaster； the English teacher； and the students’ parents。 出席会议的有校长、英语教师和学生们的家长。Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms。 金字塔里面是国王和王后们的墓穴和通往墓穴的长通道。5．其他用法（1）倒装还可用在强调表语和宾语的句子中。把表语和宾语提到主语前。如：Such was Albert Einstein； a simple man of great achievements。爱因斯坦就是这样一个取得了伟大成就的单纯的人。Such was the story he told me。 这就是他给我讲的故事。Happy is he who devotes himself to the cause of munism。献身于共产主义事业的人是幸福的。Great have been our achievements since 1978。自从1978年以来我们取得的成就是伟大的。So careful is she in doing her job that she never makes mistakes。她工作如此认真，从来不犯错误。Involved in the problem are some teaching methods。牵涉在这个问题中的是某些教学方法。Written on the label is the model of the machine。写在标签上的是机器的型号。Very important in our lives is reading。 在我们生命中非常重要的是读书。Still greater contributions should we make to promoting the friendship。 为促进友谊我们应当做出更大的贡献。注意：如主语是代词，且无较长的修饰语时，即便表语提前也不倒装。如：Terribly hot it certainly was。 天确实是太热了。A very reliable person he is。 他是一个可靠的人。（2）某些表示祝愿的句子倒装。如：Long live the friendship among the Asian people and sportsmen！亚洲各族人民和运动员之间的友谊万岁！May you return safe and sound。 祝你平安归来！May you succeed。 祝你成功。May your country bee rich and strong。 祝你的祖国繁荣强大。（3）在以often； always； once； many a time； now and then； every other day； every two hours； thus （方式状语），so （程度状语），in the distance； in front of （地点状语）等开头的句子中，如果强调这些状语，就倒装；如果不想强调这些状语，就不倒装。如：Often did we warn them not to do it。 我们经常警告他们别做这事。Often had I intended to speak of it。 我曾经多次想谈及那件事情。Many a time has he helped me with my experiment。他不止一次帮我做实验。Thus was the Emperor deceived。 皇帝就这样受骗了。So busy is he that he has no time to spare。 他忙得抽不出一点儿时间。So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed。 光的传播太快了，我们很难想象它的速度。In the distance was a tall tree。 远处有一棵大树。翻译练习（地点状语放在句首，倒装）：1）在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农民。Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer。2）教室的外面站着一个男孩。Outside the classroom stood a boy。3）农舍后面是一片稻田。Behind the farmhouse was a rice field。4）小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake。（4）在直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的句子里，主语是名词时，常用倒装结构；主语是代词时，往往不用倒装结构。例如：“You all did well in the exam；” said the teacher。“你们大家考的都很好。”老师说。“How is your mother？” asked her friend。“你母亲近况如何？”她的朋友问道。“Let’s go；” suggested Mary。 “我们走吧。”玛丽建议说。“Nonsense！” shouted the man。 “胡说！”那个人喊道。“Whom are you looking for？” she asked。 “你找谁？”她问道。“Yes； I’m a new student；” he answered。“对，我是新生。”他回答说。
倒装句综合练习1．把下列句子改写成倒装句，把括号里的词放在句首：Models：The lesson had hardly begun when the lights went out。 （hardly）→Hardly had the lesson begun when the lights went out。It can’t be done in any other way。 （in no other way）→In no other way can it be done。1）They had never seen such a sight before。 （never before）→Never before had they seen such a sight。2）They had no sooner entered the theatre than the performance began。 （no sooner）→No sooner had they entered the theatre than the performance began。3）She will not do such a thing under any circumstances。 （under no circumstances）→Under no circumstances will she do such a thing。4）The lesson will not begin until everyone is seated。 （not until）→Not until everyone is seated will the lesson begin。5）I will on no account sign this document。 （on no account）→On no account will I sign this document。6）He wrote the letter so badly that I couldn’t read it。 （so badly）→So badly did he write the letter that I couldn’t read it。7）You will succeed only by working hard。 （only）→Only by working hard will you succeed。8）He seldom takes a holiday。 （seldom）→Seldom does he take a holiday。9）He not only advised me what to do； he also lent me the money。 （not only）→Not only did he advise me what to do； he also lent me the money。10）He hardly realizes how ill he is。 （hardly）→Hardly does he realize how ill he is。11）The old man didn’t say a word。 （not a word）→Not a word did the old man say。12）The soldiers didn’t utter a sound while the general was speaking。 （not a sound）→Not a sound did the soldiers utter while the general was speaking。13）I have hardly ever seen anyone so unhappy。 （hardly ever）→Hardly ever have I seen anyone so unhappy。14）I have rarely seen such a beautiful sunset。 （rarely）→Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset。15）He didn’t speak to us even once。 （not even once）→Not even once did he speak to us。2．用倒装结构翻译下列句子：1）枪砰的一声响，鸟儿都飞了。Crack went the gun and away flew the birds。2）一群士兵突然冲进宅内。Suddenly into the house rushed a group of soldiers。3）他简直没有时间玩。Scarcely could he find time for playing。4）我们学校附近有一座高大的建筑。Near our school there stands a high building。5）我晚上很少一个人出去散步。Seldom do I go for a walk in the evening by myself。6）她几乎无法用言语来表达她的感激之情。Hardly could she express her gratitude in words。7）要是你早来一会儿，就赶上火车了。Had you arrived a little earlier； you could have caught the train。8）过了一个星期她才知道父亲去世了。Only after a week did she know about her father’s death。9）他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。Not only is he industrious； but he is also imaginative。10）如果你听了他的劝告，你早就成功了。Had you followed his advice； you would have succeeded。
it 用法小结it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。
一、it作句子的真正主语1．it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。例如：What’s this？ －It is a sheep？ 这是什么？？这是一只绵羊。Who is it？ －It’s me （I）。 谁？？是我。It’s the wind shaking the window。 是风刮得窗户响。2．it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。例如：What time is it？ －It’s nine。 几点了？？九点了。It’s time for the meeting。 Let’s go。 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。What day is today？ －It’s Saturday。 今天星期几？？今天星期六。What’s the date today？ －It is October 1st。今天是几号？ ？今天是十月一日。What season is it？ －It is summer。 现在是什么季节？？是夏季。3．it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。例如：Is it cold in this room？ －No； it isn’t。 屋里冷吗？？不冷。What’s the weather like today？ －It is fine。今天天气怎么样？？是晴天。It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city。这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。4．it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。例如：It is five kilometers from my home to the school。从我家到学校有五公里。It is very near from this factory to that one。从这个工厂到那个工厂非常近。It is a long way to the sea。 离海很远。Is it well with you？ 你身体好吗？二、it作形式主语
动词不定式、动名词短语起、从句在句子中起主语作用，而这一部分用词较多时，可以用it作为形式主语，放在句首代表其后所说的事实上的、真正的主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。1．It ＋谓语＋动词不定式。It 作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。例如：It is difficult to climb a mountain。 爬山是很艰难的。It’s a good habit to do morning exercises。 作早操是个好习惯。It’s important to do proper memory work in the study of a foreign language。 在学习外语时适当地做一些有助于记忆的练习是很重要的。It is right to do so。 这样做是对的。2．It＋谓语＋动名词短语。It 作形式主语，动名词短语作真正的主语。例如：It is dangerous playing with fire。 玩火是危险的。It is no use learning without thinking。 学而不思则罔。It’s useless arguing with a silly boy。 和笨孩子争论是没有用的。3．It ＋谓语＋名词性从句。It 作形式主语，以that 引导的名词性从句是真正的主语。例如：It is a pity that you didn’t see such a good film。你没看这么好的电影，真可惜。It is certain that we shall succeed。 我们一定会成功。It is strange that nobody knows where he lives。真奇怪，谁也不知道他住在哪里。（It is strange that…后面可用虚拟语气。如：It is strange that he should have made such a mistake。他居然犯了这样一个错误，真奇怪。It is strange that nobody should know where he lives。居然没有人知道他住在哪里，真奇怪。）It is said that the plane will take off at ten tomorrow morning。据说飞机明天上午十点起飞。
三、it作形式宾语it 作形式宾语，代表其后所说的真正的宾语。真正的宾语是以that 引导的名词性从句或不定式短语。例如：I consider it wrong that you Chinese students learn English without paring it with your own language。我认为你们中国学生学习英语，不和你们自己的语言比较是不对的。I find it not so difficult to learn a foreign language。我发现学习一门外语不那么困难。I remember I made it clear to you that I was not ing。我记得向你明确表示过我不来。They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and necessary job。他们要向公众表明，他们在做一件重要而又必要的工作。
四、it 用于强调结构
在表示强调的结构中，it 可用作先行代词，这种结构的句型如下：It ＋is/was ＋被强调的部分＋that ＋其他部分。如果强调的部分是人，可用who； whom 代替that。例如：Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon。王教授每星期一下午教我们英语。强调主语：It is Professor Wang who teaches us English every Monday afternoon。强调间接宾语：It is us whom Prof。 Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon。强调直接宾语：It is English that Prof。 Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon。强调状语：It is every Monday afternoon that Prof。 Wang teaches us English。It was here that I first met him。 这就是我初次与他见面的地方。（强调状语）It is the people who are realy powerful。
翻译练习1）该上课了，快。It is time for class。 Hurry up。2）从这儿到你们学校远吗？？不远，大约一公里。Is it far from here to your school？ ？No； it isn’t。 It’s about a kilometer。3）从我家到颐和园去很近。It is very near from my home to the Summer Palace。4）（天）正在下雨。It’s raining now。5）电灯是爱迪生发明的。It was Edison who invented the electric light。6）我认为学习一门外语是很重要的。I think it important to learn a foreign language。7）他通常一天读两次英语。He made it a rule to read English twice a day。8）从我家去天安门广场坐公共汽车大约要一个小时。It takes about an hour to go from my home to the Tian’anmen Square by bus。
反意疑问句
反意疑问句相当于“对不对？”“好不好？”“行不行？”，用yes或 no 回答。由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是附加疑问短语，中间用逗号隔开，所以反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。通常的形式是：肯定的陈述句＋否定的附加疑问，或否定的陈述句＋肯定的附加疑问。如：He studies English； doesn’t he？He doesn’t study English； does he？They are from America； aren’t they？They are not from America； are they？反意疑问句的主要形式：1．如果主句是be或其他助动词（如can； shall； will 等），其反意疑问句用同一助动词。如：We are late； aren’t we？You haven’t met my wife； have you？He can drive a car； can’t he？They used to have difficulty in just making ends meet； didn’t （usedn’t） they？You’d better eat with knives and forks； hadn’t you？2．如果主语带有seldom； hardly； never； rarely； few； little等否定词或半否定词时，因为主句本身具有否定意义，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定式，如：We seldom go to the cinema； do we？Sue almost never worked； did she？3．如果主句部分是 “I am…”结构，由于”am not” 没有相应的缩略形式，附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I 代替。如：I am your friend； aren’t I？I’m late； aren’t I？I am a student； aren’t I？在祈使句中的附加疑问部分一般用will you； won’t you。4。 在祈使句中的附加疑问部分一般用will you； won’t you。如：Sit down；