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afe。20） What is the book？ It is being translated。…What is the book being translated？21） As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him。…Not knowing his address we could not get in touch with him。22） As she had been there many times； she knew the place quit well。…Having been there many times； she knew the place quite well。23） As we had not got a reply from them； we became quite worried。…Not having got a reply from them； we became quite worried。24） Because they had been brought up in the city； they knew little about farmwork。…Having been brought up in the city； they knew little about farmwork。25） He was a League member。 He ought to take the lead in such activities。…Being a League member； he ought to take the lead in such activities。 such activities。
2、 改正下列句子中的错误（注意分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致）。Example：Climbing to the top of the hill； there is a magnificent view to be seen。…Climbing to the top of the hill； one can see a magnificent view。…If one climbs to the top of the hill； there is a magnificent view to be seen。1）Being Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home。…It being Sunday I shall have quiet day at home。2）Entering the house； the door closed with a bang。…Entering the house； he closed the door with a bang。3）Walking through the park； the flowers made a lovely sight。…Walking through the park； we saw a lovely show of flower。4）Waiting for a bus； a brick fell on my head。…As I was waiting for a bus； a brick fell on my head。5）Having been away from his hometown for more than thirty years； no one recognize him。…As he had been away from his hometown for more than thirty years； no one recognize him。
四、使用非谓语动词应注意的问题1、不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语，常用于下列句型中：
（1） in order to和so as to do（以便，为了）：
She decided to work harder in order （so as） to catch up with the others。 她决心加紧学习，好赶上别人。
（2）too……to do……（非常…… 以至于不能……）
The boy is too young to join the navy。这男孩太小参不了海军。
（3） ……enough to do……（足以做……）
The hall is big enough to hold 1；000 people。这厅大得足以容纳一千人。
（4）only to do……（不料却……）
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet。他们搬起石头却砸自己的脚。
（5）〃be＋情绪形容词＋to do〃这个结构，不定式说明产生这一情绪的原因。
We are proud to be trained here in China。在中国受训我们感到自豪。2、动名词和不定式作主语和表语时的区别动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词；在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。但在It’s no use（good），it’s Useless后面常用动名词作主语。
例如
Her present job is teaching music。 = Teaching music is her… （泛指）
To teach music to Grade One is her present job。 =Her present job is to teach … （特指）
It’s difficult for him to finish the了ob in a week。
Tom’s being late again made me angry。 汤姆又来晚了使我很生气。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk。 覆水难收
3、动名词和不定式作定语时的区别。作定语时：现在分词和它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系（现在分词可以改为定语从句），可以置于于被修饰词之前或之后，动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途（可以改为for短语），而者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，它一般只能置于被修饰词之前。请看几个词组：
现在分词作定语： a sleeping dog=a dog that is sleeping
a flying bird=a bird that is flying
a crying baby=a baby that is crying
boiling water=water that is boiling
动名词作定语： a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
a flying suit=a suit for flying
drinking water=water for drinking4、动名词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别。在look at，listen to； feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束；不定式只是陈述事实。
例如：
Did you hear someone knocking at the door？你刚才听到有人敲门吗？
Yes I did。 I heard him knock three times。是的，我听到他敲了三下。
I saw your father working in your garden yesterday。
昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。
I saw your father work in your garden yesterday。
昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。〔注意〕find后面可用分词（现在分词和过去分词）作宾补，不用不定式。如：正：I found him lying on the ground。误：I found him lie on the ground。下列动词常跟分词作宾补：catch抓住，have让、｛吏，keep使处十某状态，get使得，see看见，hear听见，find发现，feel感觉到，leave使处于某状态，make使（只接过去分词），want想要，start引起，notice注意到，observe观察，watch观看、注视，set使处于某状态，等等5。 allow； permit； forbid，encourage，advise的用法相似，具体如下：
（1） 后面无宾语时，接doing；。
例如：
Sorry we don' t allow smoking in the lecture room。对不起，本教室里不许抽烟。
The school doesn' t permit smoking in class。学校不许在课上抽烟。
Mrs。 Green forbade smoking in her house。格林夫人禁止在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged speaking more English in class。老师鼓励在课堂上多说英语。
（2）后面有宾语时，接to do。
例如：
Tom' s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV。汤姆的母亲不会允许他在电视上看那个电影。
The school doesn' t permit its students to smoke in class。学校不允许它的学生们在上课时抽烟。
Mrs。 Green forbade us to smoke in her house。格林夫人不许我们在她家抽烟。
The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in class。老师鼓励每个人在课堂上多说英语。
The doctor advised me to take more exercises。大夫建议我多锻炼。
（3）接doing时，doing前面可以带自己的形式主语（意思上的主语，也叫逻辑主语）
例如：
That teacher doesn' t permit our smoking in his class。老师不允许我们在他讲课时抽烟。（our是smoking的主语）
Paul' s mother will forbid his going with you。保罗的妈妈不会允许他跟你去。
The doctor advised my taking more exercises。大夫建议我多锻炼。6、非谓语动词的正误辨析：
（1 ）正在粉刷的房子将是一家书店。
误： The house painted will be a bookstore
正： The house being painted will be a bookstore。
正： The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore。析：现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动意义，但是过去分词表示动作已经完成，而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。（2）他竟然会缺席，这使我感到惊讶。误：It is astonished to me that he should be absent。正：It is astonishing to me that he should be absent。正：I am astonished that he is absent。析：一般来说，由现在分词转化而来的形容词，有主动意味，说明事物的性质或特征，多可译为令人感到……的；而由过去分词转化而来的形容词，有被动意味或表示已完成的动作，长译为“感到……、觉得……”。（3）这本书我读起来太难了。误：The book is too difficult far me to read it正：The book is too difficult far me to read析：句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以应去掉，否则就犯了重复的毛病。（4） 打开抽屉，他拿出词典。误：Opening the drawer； and he took out a dictionary。正：Opening the drawer； he took out a dictionary。析：并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词。（5） 他别无选择，只有躺下来睡觉。误：He has no choice but lying dawn and sleeping。正：He has no choice but to lie dawn and sleep。正：He can do noting but lie dawn and sleep。正：He has nothing to do but lie dawn and sleep。析：在这种句型中，but和except后用不定式，不用动名词。并且若句中含有动词do时，but，except后跟省掉to的不定式。（6） 革命意味着解放生产力。误：Revolution means to liberate the productive farces。正：Revolution means liberating the productive farces。析：mean后跟动词不定式表示“意欲/打算”，后面跟动名词表示“意味着”（7））他在看通知时有了一个主意。误：When reading the notice； an idea came into his mind。正：When he was reading the notice； an idea came into his mind。正：Reading （When reading） the notice； he had an idea。析：分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致（8）依据他的说法，这个答案是对的。误：Judge from what he said； the answer is right。正：Judging from what he said； the answer is right。析：“Judging” 在这里是插入语，作独立成分。类似的用法还有to tell； the truth； considering； generally speaking等。（9）我们尽快地走，希望及时赶到误：We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time。正：We walked as fast as we could； hoping to get there in time。析：根据句意，希望hope不表示目的，而表示伴随状况，所以用hoping。（10）这封需要马上回复。误：The letter demanded answering immediately。正：The letter demanded an immediate answer。正：The letter required （needed） answering immediately。析：require，need，want作“需要”解时，可跟动名词做宾语。demand作此义解时，不能跟动名词作宾语，要跟名词。（11）这是80年代建造的工厂之一。误：This is one of the factories having been built in the 1980s。正：This is one of the factories built in the 1980s。析：现在分词的完成式主要用做状语，不做定语。（12）给我一张纸写东西。误：Give me a sheet of paper to write正：Give me a sheet of paper to write on析：不定式做定语时，如果它所修饰的名词在意义上是不定式的宾语而不是主语的时候，这个不定式的后面应根据意义加上适当的介词。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分（分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。（判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。）这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式（从句）：独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。例如：
Today being Sunday； the library isn' t open。今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
（原因）改为从句：
As （Since） today is Sunday； the library isn' t open。
例如：
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi。 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。
Because there were no buses； we had to take a taxi。
The signal given，the bus started。信号发出后，公共汽车就启动了。
（时间）改为从句：
After the signal was given； the bus started。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand。少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand。
The mid…term examination is over； the end…of…term examination to e two months later。期中考试结束了，两个月之后进行期末考试。
The mid…term examination is over； and the end…of…term examination is to e two months later。
Weather permitting； we' 11 visit the Great Wall。如果天气允许的话，我们就去参观长城。
If weather permits； we' 11 visit the Great Wall。
The boy followed that man here； and climbed in； sword in hand。少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。（伴随状语）
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词＋介词短语”构成，表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构，有时可以用with引出，二者的意思是一样的，with结构更加口语话，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes。她眼里含着泪水，离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom； with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand。老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子，手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom。 He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand。
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on。华灯齐放，天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way； we found his house with no difficulty。由这孩子领路，我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead； our team is bound to turn out well。有他给我们带头，我们对一定能搞好。
1、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构：1） My work having been finished； I went home。…My work having been finished2）The woman sat smiling； surrounded by her flowers； a faraway look in her eyes。
…A faraway look in her eyes3） My watch having been lost； I didn' t know what time it was。
…My watch having been lost4） He came into the room； his face red with cold。
… his face red with cold5） There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone； head bowed； her back to most of the others。
… Head bowed。 her back to mast of the others6） A man came in； his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow。
… His face hidden by an upturned……。
2、 用独立主格结构改正下列句子：1） Being cold； he put on his overcoat。…It being cold； …2） Being no bus； we had to walk home。… There being no bus； 。。。3） Getting colder； same birds are flying away to the south。… It getting colder； 。。。4） Being ill； Mr。 Li taught the lesson in place of Mr。 Wang。… Mr。 Wang being ill； Mr。 Li taught。。5） Asia is the largest continent； being about 43 million square kilometer。……，its size （area） being about 43…。
3、 用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空：1）Bing Bing entered the room； _____ （手里拿着一个大苹果）。 （with） a big apple in his hand。2） _____（下课了），the children ran out of the class room。
…The class being over3） The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time； _____（鼻子冻得通红）。
…her nose red with cold4） Here es the Shanghai train； _____ （从福州来的火车）
…the Fuzhou train to e half an hour later。5） He was doing his homework。_____ （他的父亲坐在旁边）6） ____（谁也没有什么可说的）； the meeting was closed。
…Nobody having any more to say
一致英语的一致有三种：主谓一致，代词一致，肯定与否定一致一、主语与谓语的一致
英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要用单数形式；主语若是复数，谓语动词也要用复数形式
例如：
She likes to eat well。她好吃
We all like good food。我们都喜欢好饭菜。
Everybody was happy with the