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一。
excessive[ik'sesiv]a。 过分的;极度的;过多的
例句 1。 Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have made grasses and trees reduced; leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable。 数量过多的牲畜和对用作燃料的木柴的需求使得草木减少,使土地失去保护,变得脆弱。
2。 In studies; pacifiers are monly used to calm an infant who has suffered excessive stimuli。 在研究中,安慰奶嘴通常用于安抚受到过度刺激的婴儿。
3。 Reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil are the consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area。 过度放牧导致了植被减少,土地遭到践踏,并被最终彻底摧毁。
explanation[?ekspl?'nei?n]n。 解释,说明
例句 1。 Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that has suggested a new hypothesis in turn。 对恐龙灭绝的传统解释的不满意使人们有了惊人的发现,而这反而暗示了一个新假说的诞生。
2。 The likely explanation is that in an area of underground freshwater underlies the island; but surface elevation increases from north to south; so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table。 可能的解释是:在一个地下淡水位于岛屿之下,但其表面高度却从北到南逐渐增加的地区,如果一直往南走,就会发现地表逐渐高过水位。
explicit[ik'splisit]a。 清楚的;直率的;直言的
例句 1。 The brain's level of physiological maturation may help these types of memories; but they are not ones that require explicit verbal descriptions。 大脑发育的成熟程度可能有助于这几种形式的记忆,但这些记忆都不需要清楚的言语描述。
2。 paring the paintings found in Spain; South Africa; and Australia; some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance。 一些研究者认为,与发现于西班牙、南非和澳大利亚的油画相比,在法国发现的油画具有更为明显的象征意义。
favorable['feiv?r?bl]a。 赞成的,同意的;有利的
例句 1。 A cooling climate led many people to leave the cold areas and crowd into climatically more favorable areas。 寒冷的气候致使很多人离开寒冷地区移居到环境更加舒适的地方。
2。 Taking into account the changing conditions of light; some species perform their visual displays only when the light is favorable。 考虑到光线条件的变化,一些物种只有在光线好的时候,视力才比较好。
3。 In the tropics; it is more favorable to live in the valleys because they are less prone to dry out and have less frost; and deeper soils。 在热带,居住在山谷会更好,因为那里不会干涸,不易结冰,且土壤肥厚。
要点 favorable除了“良好的”这个含义外,还可以表示“赞成的;有利的”。比如在托福阅读中,还出现过favorable government policies的表达。
feasible['fi:z?bl]a。 可行的;可做的
例句 1。 When buildings provide shelter; suit the climate; and are economically feasible; they contribute to human life。 当建筑物为人类提供了避风港,适应当地气候,并在经济上也是可行的,那么这些建筑就有助于人类的生活。
2。 It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion。 修建海防来避免侵蚀是不可行的。
要点 feasible通常用于描述计划的可行性,比如:feasible plan“可行的计划”。
feedback['fi:db?k]n。 反馈;反馈信息
搭配 information feedback 信息反馈
例句 In many areas; from the obsidian industry to religious tourism; somebody's success and prosperity is the classical positive feedback。 在很多地区,从黑曜石工业到宗教旅游业,一些人的成功和繁荣就是典型的正面反馈。
fellowship['felou?ip]n。 友谊;奖学金;团体
例句 1。 As production increased; centralized control over production increased; which led to more centralized control over fellowship。 随着产量的增加,对生产的集中控制也加强了,从而导致对团体的管理更加集中。
2。 Small…scale local egalitarian or quasi…egalitarian organizations for fellowship; worship; and production flourished in this laissez…faire environment; so individuals could interact with one another within a munity of harmony and ideological equality。 在自由放任的环境下,因友谊、崇拜和生产而形成的当地小规模平等主义团体或类似的组织得到了繁荣发展,因此人们可以与同一社区中的其他成员在意识形态上平等、和谐地互动。
同义 friendship(n。 友谊);scholarship(n。 奖学金)
flaw[fl?:]n。 瑕疵,缺点;裂纹
例句 1。 In the 1920s; sound films were unable to solve the technical flaws found before。 在20世纪20年代,有声电影不能解决之前的技术缺陷。
2。 Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity。 关于疲惫理论的另一个缺陷就是打哈欠并不能提高警惕性或增强心理活动强度。
flee[fli:]v。(尤指遇到危险等)逃离,逃跑
例句 Because of a movement of peoples' fleeing the desiccation or drying up of the Sahara; their migration may have been started by an increase in population。 为了摆脱撒哈拉沙漠的干燥或干涸,大量人口开始迁移。
flexible['fleks?bl]a。 易弯曲的;柔韧的;灵活的,可变通的
例句 James Watt changed an inefficient steam pump into a fast; flexible and fuel…efficient engine。 詹姆斯·瓦特把一个低效的蒸汽泵转变成一部快速、灵敏、燃烧高效的发动机。
同义 pliable(a。 易弯曲的;柔韧的);elastic(a。 灵活的)
要点 考生要注意,flexible还有“可变通的”意思,比如a flexible schedule“灵活的日程表”。
fluke[flu:k]n。 侥幸;意外的挫折;尾片
例句 1。 Although it had no fluke; its backbone structure showed that it swam like modern whales。 尽管它没有尾片,但由其脊椎结构可以看出它能像现代鲸鱼那样在水中游动。
2。 The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke which was the major means of lootion in modern cetaceans。 鲸有尾巴却没有尾片,而尾片是现代鲸目动物移动的主要工具。
generic[??'nerik]a。 种类的,类属的;一般的
例句 Even though the appearances of formal and generic statues are different; they share the same function。 尽管正式的雕像和一般雕像的外表不一样,但它们拥有同样的功能。
同义 mon(a。 一般的)
grandiose['gr?ndious]a。 宏伟的;夸大的
例句 1。 Faced with uping water supply crisis; a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from other rivers。 面临即将来临的水源危机,已经有一系列通过运河或管道调用其他地区的大量水源的宏伟计划。
2。 They were reasonably well governed; without notable corruption or grandiose state projects; such as the government gave some aid to railways; and in Sweden the state built the main lines。 他们实施合理的管理,没有明显的腐败情况或是宏伟的政府项目,比如政府援助铁路的建设,以及瑞典政府打造主干线等。
要点 grandiose常用来形容计划工程的宏伟壮观,例如:grandiose state projects“宏大的政府工程项目”,也可用massive; majestic等词来表达相同的意思。
guarantee[?g?r?n'ti:]v。 保证;担保 n。 保证书
例句 Mathematical models of ecosystems suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability; but in fact it shows just the opposite。 生态系统的数学模型暗示了多样性不能保证生态的稳定性,但事实正好相反。
同义 pledge(v。 保证);assure(v。 担保)
要点 作者通常用guarantee这个词来表示某种确定的事物。比如:Absolutely guarantee it。“完全保证这一点。”
guild[gild]n。 行会,协会
例句 1。 The further growth of independent guilds shows the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trade。 独立协会的发展表明顺差并非是国内手工艺产品引起的,而主要是源于国际贸易。
2。 In these shops; different ranks of artisans and masters were blurred and they worked together in the same establishment; were usually members of the same guild and religious sect; lived in the same neighborhoods; and often had family relationships。 在这些店铺中,工匠和监工之间的等级十分模糊,他们在同一机构中一起工作,通常是同一个协会以及教派的成员,住在同一个社区,而且他们之间通常还存在亲戚关系。
handle['h?ndl]v。 处理;对待;操纵
例句 1。 Derricks were built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe。 吊杆曾被搭建起来以操控钻杆较长的部分。
2。 To start the machine; you need to read the instruction first and then turn the handle left。 想要启动机器,先要阅读操作说明,然后再把手柄向左转。
headquarters['hedkw?:rt?rz]n。(机构、企业等的)总部,总店;指挥部
例句 In the early years of the nineteenth century; when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the pany; the populations of deer continued to fluctuate。 在19世纪早期,当这家公司的总部设在温哥华堡时,鹿群的数量仍然在波动。
impatiently[im'pei?ntli]ad。 无耐性地
例句 Unlike most major inventions; photography had made people impatiently wait for a long time。 与大多数重要发明不同,长期以来人们都迫不及待地等待摄影技术的出现。
inability[?in?'bil?ti]n。 无能,无力
例句 All of the theories about the inability to recall early experiences are rejected。 所有关于无法回忆起以前经历的理论都被否决了。
要点 inability一般表示“承担某事物的能力、技能不足”。托福阅读中还可能会用inpetence; incapacity等词代替。
inadequate[in'?dikw?t]a。 不充分的;不适当的
例句 1。 When people first started to build; the structural methods which were used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws。 当人们最初开始建造的时候,有关力度和尺寸的建筑方法都是不适当的,因为这些方法都没有依据物理法则。
2。 Only after several inadequate breaths; resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood; is breathing effort adjusted。 只是在几次不充分的呼吸之后,血液中二氧化碳的含量适当增加,而氧气的含量则有所减少,这样呼吸才能被调整过来。
派生 inadequacy(n。 不适当)
inadvertently[?in?d'v?:rt?ntli]ad。 不小心地,非故意地
例句 mensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another。 在共生关系中,有时当其中一个物种在获取食物的时候,会被另一个物种无意中暴露出来。
incentive[in'sentiv]n。 刺激;动机
例句 1。 The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced because many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water。 农民希望节约用水的动机被减弱了,因为他们的许多邻居都因大量用水而获得了利益。
2。 There was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with parable domestic goods。 美国的制陶工人用质量相当的国产商品来替代进口商品是存在一定动机的。
同义 stimulus(n。 刺激);motive(n。 动机)
ine['ink?m]n。 收入,所得,收益
例句 1。 Many poor peasant families wove cloth at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family ine。 很多贫穷农民家庭为了换取少量的酬劳而在家纺织,以贴补微薄的家庭收入。
2。 In Sweden; exports occupy 18 percent of the national ine in 1870; and 22 percent in 1913。 在瑞典,1870年出口商品带来的收入占国民收入的18%,这一数字在1913年提高到了22%。
incorporate[in'k?:rp?reit]v。 纳入,吸收 a。 合并的
例句 1。 During the Tang and Ming dynasties; ceramics produced sometimes incorporated multiple colors。 在唐朝和明朝期间生产的陶瓷有时会混合多种颜色。
2。 When hypotheses are confirmed; they are incorporated into theories。 当假设被证实时,就可以被纳入理论了。
同义 bine(v。 纳入,合并)
increase[in'kri:s]v。 增加,增长['i?kri:s]n。 增加,增强
例句 Within 2;000 years; populations greatly increased in southwestern Asia。 两千年以来,亚洲西南部的人口出现大幅度增长。
要点 increase的副词形式increasingly在托福阅读中也并不陌生,表示“程度渐增地,越来越多地”。比如:The groundwater is increasingly used as a source of freshwater。 地下水越来越多地被用作淡水资源。
industrial[in'd?stri?l]a。 工业的,产业的
例句 Partly because the heat produced by burning fuel for heating; powering vehicles; and industrial production; cities tend to be warmer than their surrounding areas。 城市的温度通常比周边地区高,一部分原因是供暖、发动车辆以及工业生产而产生的热量。
派生 industrialization(n。 工业化)
industry['ind?stri]n。 勤劳,勤奋;行业;工业
例句 1。 Cultivation produced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well as for supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry。 耕种带来了足够多的食物以创造贸易和投资的盈余,还为更多的人口提供了食物,而这些人同时也促进了乡村产业的发展。
2。 Beginning with the introduction of mercial radio programming in the early 1920s; broadcasting industry was created under petition and collaboration in the United States。 从20世纪20年代早期引进商业广播节目开始,广播业在竞争与合作的环境下于美国诞生了。
3。 As both consumers and industry increased with the demand for agricultural produce; agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes。 随着消费者和工业对农产品的需求都有增加,农业用地变得越来越有价值,人们试图高度利用可用的土地并开拓湿地和湖泊。
要点 注意industry在阅读中作“工业,行业”的意思居多,但它也可以表示“勤奋”。如果industry出现在谈论一个人的品质的句子中,它有可能被用于描述“勤奋的特质”,比如:his industry and integrity“他的勤奋和正直”。
inefficient[?ini'fi?nt]a。 效率低的,效率差的;不能胜任的
例句 Therefore; he transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses。 因此,他把用途有限的低效泵换成了用途广泛的蒸汽机。
ingenuity[?in??'nu:?ti]n。 心灵手巧;足智多谋
例句 The exact function of other factors is much more difficult to check — for instance; Teotihuacán's religious significance as a shrine; the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B。C。; the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán's elite; and finally; the impact of natural disasters。 其他因素的确切作用更难查明,这些因素包括特奥蒂瓦坎作为圣坛的宗教意义,公元前1000年末期墨西哥峡谷及周围地区的历史境况,奥特帝瓦坎精英们的机智和深谋远虑,以及自然灾害的影响。
ingoing['ing?