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s is that they had the courage； he said； to be idealistic； to have a theory； to have a project； to have a vision； and to go on working towards that； through thick and thin。
RALPH HARRIS：哈耶克极力赞扬信仰社会主义的知识分子，说他们最大的力量在于他们有勇气去空想；然后不畏艰险地朝着这个理论、计划和幻想努力。
NARRATOR： As the meeting came to an end； Hayek predicted a long fight； a battle of ideas that might last 20 years or more； before the world changed its mind。 In the meantime； Hayek could see only one gleam of light。
旁白：会议将要结束时，哈耶克预言在世界主流思想改变之前将有一场长期的斗争，可能要持续二十年或者更久。在这期间，哈耶克只能看到一点曙光。
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Chapter 9： Germany's Bold Move ＇4：11＇
第九章：德国的大胆前进
Onscreen title： Berlin； 1947
字幕标题：柏林，1947年
NARRATOR： The war left Germany in ruins。 Its economy had disintegrated。 Markets had broken down。 Shops were empty。 Already the Russians occupied East Germany and were waiting for the rest to fall into their lap。 In the American and British occupation zones； raging hyperinflation had made the German currency worthless。
旁白：战争使德国成为一片废墟。经济崩溃，市场分割，商店里空空荡荡。俄国人已经占领了东德，正等待着吞没其他地区。在美国和英国占领区，恶性通货膨胀已经使德国通货急剧贬值。
In the winter of 1948； the Allies appointed as director of economic affairs a rotund； cigar…chomping economist named Ludwig Erhard。 A staunch anti…Nazi； Erhard was a free…market economist who shared many of Hayek's beliefs and ideas。 He also believed the Allies' economic rules were making a bad situation worse。
1948年冬天，盟国任命一位名叫路德维希？埃哈德的经济学家担任经济管理部门主管。埃哈德是一名坚定的反纳粹主义者，还是一位自由市场派经济学家，他的许多信仰和思想与哈耶克相同。他还坚信盟国的经济规则使糟糕的情况变得更加坏。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： The occupying authorities had imposed a system under which there were extensive wage and price controls； supposedly to control inflation； but of course wage and price controls never control inflation。 And you had essentially an economy that was brought to a halt。
弗里德曼：占领方当局强制推行了一种体制，在这个体制中广泛存在着工资和价格控制，他们想象可以以此来控制通货膨胀。但是工资和价格控制当然永远不能控制通货膨胀。经济基本上已经陷入了停滞状态。
ALFRED BOSCH； Economist and Friend of Hayek： In this situation the black markets formed； and American cigarettes were its form of currency。
ALFRED BOSCH，经济学家，哈耶克的朋友：在这种情况下，黑市产生了，美国香烟成了通货。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： Nobody smoked cigarettes。 They were for small transactions。 Cognac was a medium of circulation for large transactions。
弗里德曼：没有人抽香烟，它们被用于小笔交易。科涅克白兰地则成为大宗买卖的交易媒介。
NARRATOR： The Allies introduced a new currency； the Deutsche Mark； to replace the worthless German money。 But for Erhard； that was not enough。 So without informing the Allies； Erhard went on the radio and made a startling announcement。
旁白：盟国发行了新的通货－德国马克－以取代已经一文不值的旧通货。但是对埃哈德来说，这还不够。因此在没有知会盟国的情况下，埃哈德在电台访谈中抢先宣布了这一消息。
KARL OTTO POHL： Ludwig Erhard； a legendary man； he decided； without asking anybody and against the will of the American occupation powers； he decided to give up all price controls。
KARL OTTO POHL：在没有征求任何人意见和违背美国占领当局的意愿的情况下，路德维希？埃哈德这位传奇人物决定废除所有价格控制。
NARRATOR： Next day； Gen。 Lucius Clay； the man in charge of occupied Germany； demanded to know what Erhard thought he was doing。
旁白：第二天，卢休斯？克莱将军－德国占领区的负责人－要求知道埃哈德如何看待对自己正在做的事情。
ALFRED BOSCH： Clay said； "；What have you done？ You have changed the Allied price controls。"； Erhard replied； "；Herr General； I haven't changed them； I've abolished them。"； And Clay said； "；My advisors tell me it is a big mistake。"； Erhard replied； "；Herr General； my advisors tell me the same thing。"；
ALFRED BOSCH：克莱说：“你做了什么？你改动了盟国的价格控制。”埃哈德回答说：“将军先生，我没有改动他们，我废除了他们。”克莱说：“我的顾问告诉我这是一个大错误。”埃哈德又回答到：“将军先生，我自己的顾问也这么说。”
NARRATOR： Overnight the black market disappeared。 People stopped hoarding； and goods not seen for 10 years went on sale。
旁白：一夜之间黑市就消失了。人们不再囤积货物；十年没有见过的商品又开始销售了。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： It started the markets working； with free prices。 Instead of nothing being in the windows of the shops； everything started to e up。 And that began the German economic miracle。
弗里德曼：随着价格控制的取消，市场开始运转。商店的橱窗中不再空无一物，而是摆满了商品。它是德国创造经济奇迹的开端。
NARRATOR： Germany's "；social market economy"； bined free markets with a strong welfare state。 Within a few years； Germany's social market economy overtook Britain's more planned economy。
旁白：德国的“社会市场经济”将自由市场和高度福利国家联系起来。在许多年里，德国的社会市场经济的计划经济程度比英国还要大。
But back then； nobody wanted to model themselves on Germany。 Most countries preferred to plan their economies。
但是没有人想要模仿德国。多数国家宁愿自己规划本国经济。
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Chapter 10： India's Way ＇3：51＇
第十章：印度方式
Onscreen title： New Delhi； 1947
字幕标题：新德里，1947年
NARRATOR： India； the jewel in the crown of the British Empire； the very symbol of imperialism； celebrated its freedom。 Mahatma Gandhi was the father of independence。 His economic ideal was a simple India of self…sufficient villages。 Pandhit Nehru； the first prime minister； wanted to industrialize and bine British parliamentary democracy with Soviet…style central planning。
旁白：印度，这颗大英帝国王冠上的宝石以及帝国主义的真正象征，庆祝着她的独立。圣雄甘地是印度的独立之父。他的经济理想是把印度建成自给自足的“村庄”。而尼赫鲁－印度第一任总理－则想要实现工业化，并把英国式的议会民主制和苏联风格的中央计划结合起来。
JAIRAM RAMESH； Senior Economic Advisor to India's Congress Party； 1991…1998： In the 1950s India was the Mecca of all economists。 You talk of any economist in the world； and they were advising the Indian government。 And the advice was； you must have a state…led model of industrial growth； the public sector must occupy what came to be called the manding heights of the economy。 And that's why steel； coal； machine tools； capital goods； all the areas of heavy industry were in the public sector and not in the private sector。
JAIRAM RAMESH，印度国大党的高级经济顾问，1991－1998年：五十年代，印度是所有经济学家的麦加。世界各地的经济学家都在给印度政府提建议。而建议就是必须实行政府主导的工业增长模式。公共部门必须占领被经济制高点。所以钢铁、煤炭、机械和资本货物等所有重工业部门必须是公共部门而不能是私人部门。
NARRATOR： Nehru put his faith in technology。
讲述者：尼赫鲁相信科学技术。
MANMOHAN SINGH； Minister of Finance； 1991…1996： Nehru was a rational thinker； and he wanted to apply science and technologies to solve the great mass poverty that prevailed at the time of independence。
辛格（MANMOHAN SINGH），财政部长，1991－1996年：尼赫鲁是理性的思想家。他想运用科学和技术来解决争取国家独立时期普遍存在的、触目惊心的贫困问题
NARRATOR： Under Nehru； central planning became a form of science。
旁白：在尼赫鲁的领导下，中央计划变成了科学的一种形式。
MEGHNAD DESAI； Professor； London School of Economics： Nehru was always recruiting intellectuals in India on his side in the cause of planning。 And there was this genius statistician； Mahalanobis； who was head of the Indian Statistical Institute。
MEGHNAD DESAI，伦敦经济学院教授：尼赫鲁为了编制计划一直在印度招募支持他的知识分子，其中有一位天才的统计学家－马哈拉诺比斯，他是印度统计学学会的首脑。
NARRATOR： Nehru asked Mahalanobis to think about how to plan an economy。 The brilliant Mahalanobis succeeded in expressing the entire Indian economy in a single mathematical formula。
旁白：尼赫鲁要求马哈拉诺比斯考虑如何为经济编制计划。这位才华横溢的马哈拉诺比斯成功地将整个印度经济用一个数学公式表示出来。
VOICE OF MAHALANOBIS： Let YT equal national ine； CT equal consumption； and KT equal investment at time； open bracket； open bracket； one plus lambda K beta K； closed bracket； minus one； are fractions of investment allocated to industries producing capital goods； that is K sector and consumer goods at C sector； respectively。
马哈拉诺比斯的声音：令YT表示国民收入，CT表示消费，KT表示当时的投资。左括弧，加上λKβK，右括弧，减去一个，是分配到生产资本货物的行业中的投资比例；资本货物部门是K部门，而消费品部门是C部门。
NARRATOR： People believed this perfect mathematical model could be applied in a less…than…perfect world。
旁白：人们相信这个完美的数学模型能够应用于不那么完美的现实世界。
MEGHNAD DESAI： And at that time； Mahalanobis's model was hailed as one of the pioneering mathematical models for planning a mixed economy。 And that made Mahalanobis very influential。
MEGHNAD DESAI：那时候马哈拉诺比斯的模型作为为混合经济编制计划的先进模型受到尊崇，而马哈拉诺比斯也因此而非常有影响力。
NARRATOR： India became the model of economic development for newly independent nations。 Across the developing world； socialism； planning； government control； regulation； and ownership …… these became the gospel。 All over Africa； people looked to socialism to lead them out of poverty。 Across South America； governments chose state control as the way to modernize。 The apparent success of munist countries like the Soviet Union and China seemed to show the way。
旁白：印度成为新兴对立国家经济发展的典范。在发展中国家，社会主义、计划、政府控制、规章和所有权都成为真理。在整个非洲，人们都指望社会主义领导他们摆脱贫困。南非政府选择国家控制作为实现现代化的方式。共产主义国家－例如苏联和中国－取得的明显成功似乎证实了这一方式。
Chapter 11： Chicago Against The Tide ＇7：32＇
第十一章：芝加哥逆流
Onscreen title： Chicago； 1950
字幕标题：芝加哥，1950年
NARRATOR： By 1950； Hayek's market economics were so pletely out of fashion that when he sought a full…time academic job in the United States； only one university was willing to hire him。
旁白：到1950年为止，哈耶克的市场经济学已经完全不流行了，当时他正在美国谋求全职的学术工作，结果只有一个大学愿意聘用他。
SAM PELTZMAN； Professor； University of Chicago： Chicago has always been an exceptional place； out of the mainstream。 Chicago is geographically isolated。 This affects Chicago's intellectual influence in many more areas than economics。
SAM PELTZMAN，芝加哥大学教授：芝加哥一直都是一个特殊的地方，置身于主流之外。芝加哥的地理位置孤立，这影响了它在包括经济学在内的许多领域中的影响。
NARRATOR： The University of Chicago's intellectual influence would grow。 Eight professors and another 11 economists from Chicago went on to win Nobel Prizes。 Gary Becker is one of them。
旁白：芝加哥大学的学术影响将不断增强。八位教授和其他十一位来自芝加哥大学的经济学家获得了诺贝尔奖。加里？贝克尔就是其中之一。
GARY BECKER； Professor of Economics； University of Chicago： When I came as a graduate student to Chicago 1951； I was flabbergasted by how stimulating the atmosphere was。 I had been a very good student at Princeton。 My first day in Friedman's class he raised a question。 I answered。 He said； "；That's no answer； that's just rephrasing the question。"； That was the example of how blunt people were。
加里。贝克尔，芝加哥大学经济学教授：1951年我到芝加哥大学念研究生的时候，这里活跃的气氛令我大吃一惊。在普林斯顿我是一个非常好的学生。但第一次上佛里德曼的课时他提了一个问题，我回答了，他却说：“那不是答案；那仅仅是把问题改述了一下。”这个例子说明了这里的人是如何的直率。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： Nobody was very polite。 People were interested in ideas and argument and not in making sure you didn't ruffle anybody's feathers。
弗里德曼：没有人是很客气的。大家感兴趣的是思想和论据，而不是确保不惹恼别人。
ARNOLD HARBERGER； Professor Emeritus； University of Chicago： If you're sitting in a seminar room and somebody up there is saying something which if imbibed by your students who are sitting in that same room is going to lead them astray； it's up to you to call that guy right now and not later； and that； I think； is sort of the spirit that prevailed in the Chicago workshop system。 There wasn't that much fighting in the lunches。 They were pretty cordial。 （laughs）
ARNOLD HARBERGER，芝加哥大学荣誉退休教授：如果你参加讨论会时发现上面讲话的那个人讲的内容如果被参加讨论会的学生接受的话会将他们引入歧途，那你就应该叫那个家伙立刻停止，而且我想那就是芝加哥学术会议系统中普遍存在的精神。午饭时也有战斗，他们是很好的兴奋剂。（笑）
NARRATOR： Lunches at the Quadrangle Club were famous for the intensity of intellectual discussion。 And one man came to dominate those debates。
旁白：四角俱乐部的午餐因激烈的思想辩论而著名。有一个人开始主宰那些辩论。
GEORGE SHULTZ； Dean of the Chicago Graduate School of Business； 1962 … 1968： Somehow Milton managed to set the agenda of argument； and so there was a saying； "；Everybody loves to argue with Milton； particularly when he isn't there；"； because he's a good arguer。
GEORGE SHULTZ，芝加哥大学研究生商学院的院长，1962－1968年：不知为什么，米尔顿能够成功地设定讨论议程，而且还有一句谚语：“每个�